Common Trees of South Carolina include
- American Holly, Overcup Oak, Sweet Gum, Slash Pine, Willow Oak, White Ash, Red Maple, Winged Elm, Black Cherry, Eastern Red Cedar, Loblolly Pine, Scarlet Oak, White Basswood.
Transect Sample = A transect is a path along which one counts and records occurrences of the specie of study.It requires an observer to move along a fixed path and to count occurrences along the path and, at the same time, obtain the distance of the object from the path. This results in an estimate of the area covered and an estimate of the way in which detectability increases from probability 0 towards 1. Using the raw count and this probability function, one can arrive at an estimate of the actual density of objects.
Common Clouds =
High-Level Clouds
Cloud types include: cirrus and cirrostratus.Mid-Level Clouds
Cloud types include: Altocummullus, altostratus.
Low-Level Clouds
Cloud types include: nimbostratus and stratocumulus.
Clouds with Vertical Development
Cloud types include: fair weather cumulus and cumulonimbus.
Other Cloud Types
Cloud types include: contrails, billow clouds, mammatus, orographic and pileus clouds.
High-Level Clouds
Cloud types include: cirrus and cirrostratus.Mid-Level Clouds
Cloud types include: Altocummullus, altostratus.
Low-Level Clouds
Cloud types include: nimbostratus and stratocumulus.
Clouds with Vertical Development
Cloud types include: fair weather cumulus and cumulonimbus.
Other Cloud Types
Cloud types include: contrails, billow clouds, mammatus, orographic and pileus clouds.
Types of public lands and examples
Multiple land use- refers to the use of land for more than one purpose, for example, grazing of livestock, recreation and timber production. The term may also apply to the use of associated bodies of water for recreational purposes, fishing and water supply.
EXAMPLE= grazing of livestock, recreation and timber production
Moderately-restricted use- Most refuges protect habitats and breeding areas for waterfowl and big game to provide a harvestable supply for hunters; a few protect endangered species from extinction. Permitted activities include sport hunting, trapping, sport and commercial fishing, oil and gas development, mining, logging, grazing, some military activities, and farming-as long as the Department of the Interior finds such uses compatible with the purposes of each unit.
EXAMPLE= San Francisco National Wildlife Refuge
Restricted Use Land - Land that is only allowed limited amounts of recreation, hunting, and other human activities.
EXAMPLE= Yellowstone National Park
Multiple land use- refers to the use of land for more than one purpose, for example, grazing of livestock, recreation and timber production. The term may also apply to the use of associated bodies of water for recreational purposes, fishing and water supply.
EXAMPLE= grazing of livestock, recreation and timber production
Moderately-restricted use- Most refuges protect habitats and breeding areas for waterfowl and big game to provide a harvestable supply for hunters; a few protect endangered species from extinction. Permitted activities include sport hunting, trapping, sport and commercial fishing, oil and gas development, mining, logging, grazing, some military activities, and farming-as long as the Department of the Interior finds such uses compatible with the purposes of each unit.
EXAMPLE= San Francisco National Wildlife Refuge
Restricted Use Land - Land that is only allowed limited amounts of recreation, hunting, and other human activities.
EXAMPLE= Yellowstone National Park
Spring Semester Portfolio
![]() Air Pollution
Categories of air pollution sources - temperature inversion = condition in which the temperature of the atmosphere increases with altitude in contrast to the normal decrease with altitude. When temperature inversion occurs, cold air underlies warmer air at higher altitudes.
Temperature inversions have a great effect on air pollution. Whether it's a blanket of smog over a city or the melting of ice packs due to ozone depletion, atmospheric temperature inversions are intricately involved. They influence the scope and intensity of the effects of air pollution on a temporary, localized basis as well as long term and globally. Effects of water pollution
![]() Biggest water sheds in the world
Water Diversions - Diversions may transfer water in or out of the great lakes basin, or between the watersheds of different lakes or rivers within the basin. |
Smog is a type of air pollutant.
Causes?
How Smog is Formed? The atmospheric pollutants or gases that form smog are released in the air when fuels are burnt. When sunlight and its heat react with these gases and fine particles in the atmosphere, smog is formed. Problems with burning coal?Air pollution from coal-fired power plants includes sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter (PM), and heavy metals, leading to smog, acid rain, toxins in the environment, and numerous respiratory, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular effects
Water Pollution
Different types?
Causes of water pollution?
Around half of all ocean pollution is caused by sewage and waste water. Each year, the world generates 400 billion tons of industrial waste, much of which is pumped untreated into rivers, oceans, and other waterways. Cultural Eutrophication = Eutrophication is a naturally occurring, slow, and inevitable process. However, when it is accelerated by human activity and water pollution (a phenomenon called cultural eutrophication), it can lead to the premature aging and death of a body of water. Sewage Treatment/ Septic Systems- Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from waste water, primarily from household sewage. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove these contaminants and produce environmentally safe treated waste water (or treated effluent). Clean Water Act = The Clean Water Act (CWA) establishes the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters. Sources and impacts of non point source pollution- Non point source pollution generally results from land runoff, precipitation, atmospheric deposition, drainage, seepage or hydrologic modification. |
- Individual: any living thing or organism, Individuals do not breed with individuals from other groups.
Community: A community includes populations of organisms of different species. A great community usually includes biodiversity.
Ecosystem: Ecosystems include more than a community of living organisms (abiotic) interacting with the environment (abiotic).
Biome: A set of ecosystems sharing similar characteristics with their abiotic factors adapted to their environments.
Biosphere: A biosphere is the sum of all the ecosystems established on Earth.
- Fixation - Fixation is the first step in the process of making nitrogen usable by plants. Here bacteria change nitrogen into ammonium.
Assimilation - This is how plants get nitrogen. They absorb nitrates from the soil into their roots. Then the nitrogen gets used in amino acids, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll.
Ammonification - This is part of the decaying process. When a plant or animal dies, decomposers like fungi and bacteria turn the nitrogen back into ammonium so it can reenter the nitrogen cycle.
Denitrification - Extra nitrogen in the soil gets put back out into the air. There are special bacteria that perform this task as well.
- More formally, the niche includes how a population responds to the abundance of its resources and enemies and how it affects those same factors.
- Freshwater is defined as having a low salt concentration usually less than 1%. Plants and animals in freshwater regions are adjusted to the low salt content and would not be able to survive in areas of high salt concentration. There are different types of freshwater regions like lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, wetlands.
- Interspecific = competition between different species that may be trying to occupy the same, or overlapping ecological niche.